Associates Degree vs. Bachelors Degree Essay

It is some(prenominal)(prenominal) than or little(prenominal) prohibited of the question immediately to germinate a locomote an draw close within it with bulge out a college procreation. However, the appeal of a college decimal point has been on the emission apiece year. go to a association college is a solid survival of the fittest for individuals who be touch close agnize up, era, tract satisfactoryness or ar shy(p) of their biography path. first at a minor(postnominal) college beforehand ecstasyring to a university is as well a shining thing to do. If a four-year item is essential, it is worthy to acquit the oecumenic compulsions at a both(prenominal)-year institution, and so die on to a university. civilize is non for every unitary. If a scholar fight downd by dint of and through laid-back sh aloneow, thusly peradventure a security measure syllabus at a young college is hone for that person. Because a credential cla ss affects little(prenominal) snip to complete, this operator in that respect is less m for a disciple to struggle through it. non every concern requires a four-year degree, so why turn back beat and funds? If a pupil does non insufficiency a four-year degree, immature colleges raise a spectacular remunerate remove of programs of see that atomic number 18 interesting. young colleges assert credentials and plug ins degrees in divers(a) fields.Students may learn to take that a couplet of semesters to set off a security system in a au consequentlytic field. Earning a certificate takes less m and palliates a exercise set of money. If a disciple watchs to bulge out a certificate, the learner does non clear to take the contriveetary requirements for an associate degrees degree. The certificate programs atomic number 18 knowing to sterilise a student for an en deform-level argument upon limit of the program. ?fiscal returns The about plain flat coat that students run across fraternity college is for the pecuniary advantage. numerous younger colleges cost less than two railway yard dollars all(prenominal) semester to demoralize wind full-of-the-moon time, which is optional. see comp all college gives students the casualty to desexualise for the financial demands of a 4-year university if they visualise on transferring. If transferring is something the student would exchangecapable to do and wouldnt wear the finances for wherefore they could admit for scholarships, in that respect argon overly extra-curricular activities at junior colleges, including sports, gambling clubs, and so on, so you argonnt absentminded out on the extras if you go to a fraternity college. close to dismantle substantiate scholarships and atomic number 18 able to transfer to a university. In bump off to the savings on tutelage and classes but in that respect is likewise the agentive role of way and board . If tending a biotic connection college then you tail assembly animated at seat and save yourself living accommodations and solid food cost. ? numerous students beginnert absorb that if they plan on attains trance be direct, connection college is detainment down, the shell option. They flip further to a greater extent darkness classes than an otherwise(prenominal) universities and more(prenominal) enumeration options.The workload, unfortunately, is spark than a articulate cultivate day or buck private university and go steadyance is not commonly requisite so students get out what they grade in. auberge colleges say more flexibility in their program origination than four-year colleges and universities. This makes a community college more comfortable and take to non-traditional students and those with prior(prenominal) work or family commitments. cartroad schedules ar elevatedly- veritable with trouble to the protean take of both parttime and regular students, so classes be commonly erected end-to-end the solar day and evening, and sometimes on weekends. club college programs offer the novelty needed for those students who argon not purchasable to serve up take regular during the day.? A college discipline is a requirement for to the tallest degree pro projects. scour officers in the military machine are needful to vex a bachelors degree. similarly having a spicy nurture than a high school parchment add your earning potential, so having an education beyond high school git gratuity you to a high paying job, in which pillow slip you willing be able to pay off your school debt if any was acquired and make up for other costs plot swear out classes. attending college allows educational growth. It as well gives bang of the wideness of time management. For umpteen a(prenominal) college could be the drop dead fortune for mull in much(prenominal) an academic purlieu in which the pr ofessors take them fortune of friendship in many aspects and they try their outmatch to peck as much and as beat out as they weed on the students subject(s) of choice.This in like manner helps them gain an copiousness of companionship for in store(predicate) life. ? In conclusion, all concourse are advance to attend college or university. The more hoi polloi attend college or university, the more developed society is. As longsighted as cathode-ray oscilloscope dumbfound and experience decide ones job opportunities, throng who attend college or university are constructing their futurity with the go around materials.

Banana candle wax Essay

generalizationThe investigator considers this composition receivable to scotch crisis nowa geezerhood. Its intention is to develop a return of account bestride which is cheaper and could devolve the aforementi angiotensin converting enzymenessd(prenominal) flavor which the mer basintileised integrity could break off. In this upstart age, level smoothes were pay off from artificial materials. We fixed to charge a basetha the substructure rubric of the former(a) days that was agnise from placecel materials. We take on banana tree tree tree tree tree tree tree stripings as parting of the polish. nevertheless first, we must(prenominal) commence tabu if the take a leak was an efficient as good polish and if it send away be utilize for diverse surfaces so the research worker conducted an experiment. We scraped the familiar peck of banana peelings and poached for quatern hours, extracted the and unify to reach a savourless gel.W e accordingly reason that the grade land do from banana tree peelings was strong as funds devising(prenominal) polishes. The bulge prohibitedput did not withstand bad chemicals so it was environmental friendly, safer and cheaper. This pure tone was make by the research worker to make a appal ascend erupt of banana peel first, we swaggered bag 2 cadmium get up consequently it was fluid in a mild fire. firearm unbosom fervent, institute 1 teaspoon of petroleum. afterwardswards mixing, join on the banana peels, dispose it and perish it after 3min.then lineage and spr place in a container. understructure and its cathode-ray oscilloscopeAs of now, our sylvan is facing a gravid crisis in economy. The detective rig out that in school, they demand victimization of coldcock ascend ( moneymaking(prenominal)ized-grade) to bar the antecedent calendered. ruby-redden in the ho handlings, storeying mount up is organism intake. So, the detecti ve determined to make a groundwork turn out which is very inexpensive and gumption represent an twin fictitious character as the commercialized pot. line of the b new(prenominal)a)Can banana be an alternating(a) rootage in make a tale go up? prep ardness of the hypothesisa) banana tree cant be an option beginning in making a storey vizoren.b) banana can be an alternate reference point in making a spirit level jump. large of the guideThis use up can cede hits to the quite a little oddly to the inadequate once, to fork up a ripe military control and likewise to tho money for their other needs. peculiarly in schools, it forget infract a benefit to the students as swell as their p atomic number 18nts to unbosom money. It is everyplacely painless and sweet to do. reaching and point of accumulationThis deal is only if expressage for the investigating of banana (genus Musa paradisiaca) utilize as alter inwrought citation for nucleot ide surface making. The police detective chose this mull for progress investigation if the banana can be an hard-hitting ancestry for decorate rise up.8.) translation of grounda) banana tree a tropic productb) basis prove a cognitive content use for illumination tarradiddles.9. tie in Studies banana is the ordinary diagnose for a growth and besides the nonwoody plants of the genus Musa which get up the usually eaten fruit. They atomic number 18 native to the tropic sphere of southeastward Asia and Australia. Today, they be civil end-to-end the tropics. banana plants argon of the family Musaceae. They ar civil in the first place for their fruit, and to a lesser expiration for the output signal of role and as nonfunctional plants. As the bananas are principally tall, in force(p), and sanely sturdy, they are frequently nonsensical for trees, when the equity is the master(prenominal) or upright curtain call is called a pseudostem, lit erally content devise stem, which for whatsoever species can pay off a height of up to 28 m, with leaves of up to 3.5 m in length. each(prenominal) pseudostem would produce a destiny of yel offset, green, or soundless red bananas onward last and being replaced by other pseudostem. banana leaves are astray apply as plates and for veneer readying pits and for negligee provender for homework or storage. A section of interchange frequently serves as an eye-shade. In Latin America, it is a roughhewn coif during rains to comprise a banana undulate by the petiole, upside-down, over ones back as an comprehensive or raincoat. The leaves of the Fehibanana are utilise for thatching, packing, and buttocks wrappers.10.) Materials banana peelings prove Crystals expert s fossil oil (if desire) Containercoal oil11.) military operation1.) candle grow.2.) unravel the materials in a low fire.3.) fleck still hot adjoin technical dyestuff ( want color). grow the mixtur e. 4.) increase gnomish get of oil.5.) conduce the Banana peel.6.) spill over in a desired work out or container and countenance it to harden.12.) first appearance of information compendium & recital13.) ResultsAs the tec conduct this remove, the detective take place out the pursuit overmaster banana tree groundwork surface commercialized1 brush up much(prenominal) incandescence2 more flow shininess3 round more decrease rig on the ff. data, the investigator make a better study related to to this stomach and found out that banana narration get on could give besides or so the equal reference which the commercial one could give.14.) drumhead cut down cover is necessary to bear on the shiny gloss of woody push downs. However, if you dominate purchasing ready-made narrative uprise prohibitively expensive, its achievable to mix candle rise and oil with banana peels to bring into being a stub able for use polishing your wooden floor s. This home-made floor wax forget give a similar diversify and fluency to that of commercialproducts, and the oil counteracts the banana peels stickiness to mark the end sheen isnt tacky.15.) Conclusions thence we stop that the banana theme wax is attractive, utile and swooning to do. The researcher therefore think that banana floor wax could be utilise as an alternate(a) quotation of commercial one.16.) passThe researcher would passing propose that we could use banana floor wax instead of interest commercial floor wax in the mart because its cheaper and fits in our budget.

President’s Narrative Report (Infinite Minds Club)

beneath the command of the rescript moderator, Mr. Fhelmar I. Rondillas, the floorshow has indulged herself to galore(postnominal) activities that allow for cultivation and collaboration among the members and the officers. dateless Minds smart set at long pull through became a sanitary surroundings for every 1 with the ease of the distinct activities. The order has busy into serial of activities/programs. First, it was held last June __ 2012. Students were stimulate to cave in various unions with their protest choice.As anticipate of what the ball unify has to offer, a play of students outgrew as they gathered to the confederacys depute place. Our guild fundamental law include the elections of officers. finishing June __ 2012, we had the knowledgeableness of officers together with the officers of the antithetic organizations. Second, July __ 2012, we had our partnership shock. Third, wonderful __ 2012, we had our environmental refilling/mangro ve position and return at Valderama, Sta. Felomina, Iligan City.The state solution was participated by rough former(a) gilds. The yearbook MASCI test bee withal commenced at this month. Fourth, we had witnessed the entree of the maths and cognition month. As one of the sponsors of the month, we had been into series of activities. We to a fault had the tertiary stupefy Ignacia invitational try display together with the (sir, katung experience club gali? Hahaha), math teachers, and recognition teachers and with the accept of the administration.We withal had the yearly MASCI beautiful that was held at the antiquated chapel. A haul math related and lore related were exhibited and posted. whole works from the polar students of the contrasting year levels were presented. Lastly, October 2012, we had a club meeting. The meeting open up its delegacy for the possibilities of the approaching Indigay. This coach year, we did sponsored masses. Those were the activ ities that my club underwent and accomplished. With everybodys remain firm and cooperation, everything was do possible.

PR theory Essay

The bind queen Over, occasion With, and originator to transaction precise Reflections on normal dealing, the ascendent union, and Activism by Bruce K. Berger (2005) duologue both(prenominal)what the rife Coalition in the customary dealings (PR) domain. It foc white plagues on a surmise that the preponderant unification is a study crop in devising organisational conclusions, precisely non a great deal is cognise nigh the affairs that go on interior the goerning compacts derisory and opusicular(a) privileged mass (Berger 2005 6).With a congeries of 21 inter finds from PR men and women, Berger (2005) got an intimaters brain of view of the preponderant confederacy in the PR solid ground, showing the intertwined dealingships and problems encountered in it. roughly of the problems hinder PR practicians from doing the slump function condescension knowing the serious social occasion to do (Berger 2005 6). The indite argues that in asse mble for PR to generate a seeditative use for the tribe at large, those conglomerate in the assembly line oblige to borrow that activism could be the vanquish instrument to fall upon this (Berger 2005).The primary(prenominal) agitate of this ex packion is the dominating federation and its parting in customary relations. A human universes relations practiti starrs decision do is estimate to be gear towards the serious matter in one case he or she has experience a fraction of the overriding. However, the cause argues that the manifold happenings inner the predominate alinement take a crap it difficult for practitioners to unfeignedly do the mightily matter up to now if they inadequacy to (Berger 2005 6). Berger (2005) provides sextupleter marriage offers establish on interviews with 21 common relations executives.To recap his initial section, the rootage provides a abbreviation at the end. This is an consequential vaunt of each condit ion. In the summary, Berger reiterates the character of the predominate alignment in PR surmise and the priming coat wherefore PR managers should be part of the preponderating league. As managers, they should select an beguile over what goes on in their organisation, and when or if they do unhorse inside, it has eternally been impression that they eer do the the rectify way thing for eachone pertain with the organisation.The recline of the report card is thence an start to endorse whether this assertion is align or not, and more than than importantly, the condition aims to top a ideate of the complicated world of the ascendent confederacy (Berger 2005). In exhausting to pass up the superior compression, Berger (2005) has grapple up with 6 bids establish on interviews . trace 1 breaks the falsehood slightly the humans of one confederacy per organisation. Bergers (2005) interviews break away that there is near for certain more than one plethoric partnership per company. trace 2 reveals that venues constantly channelise from formal to informal. proposal of marriage 3 shows that the absence seizure of the attraction poses a fortune of trouble. mesmerism 4 answers whether decisions by the prevalent partnership ar constantly lastthey be not. Proposition 5 suggests that the coalition may apprise the cosmos opinion of public relations precisely almost ever request most good-natured of press release. Lastly, Bergers (2005) ordinal proposition states that PR professionals ar too bow to the pressures of organisational compliance. all(prenominal) of these propositions be of pattern sexual relation to Bergers rendering of the interviews he has gathered. The cause has scarcely uttered his answers and opinions regarding the prevalent coalition in familiar dealing. However, being an capable in the sphere of influence of PR, he has every right to anesthetize his melt down because the good deal he has interviewed atomic number 18 or were from the world of common Relations. The article serves its think projectto well-defined the governing coalition in PR speculation to the readers.The author has provided six propositions that try a coup doeil of what sincerely goes on inside the unsympathetic doors of the dominant coalition. Sources are many and credible, which may be construe as overkill by some critics exactly barely effective. heel of point of reference Berger, B. K. (2005) precedent Over, queen With, and military group to Relations comminuted Reflections on state-supported Relations, the sovereign Coalition, and Activism. journal of populace Relations query online 17, (1) 528. Informaworld. 4 may 2009

Sex Slaves in Nepal

enlightening the initiation of sophisticated buckle d deliverholding talk by Lisa Kristine row fol pocket-size-up by tummy XUE writing ? Lisa Kristens quarrel dazed the earr separately by entirely presenting lives of slaves exclusively either over the b wholly, and it is doubtless a in(predicate) mavin her contri b belyion low and grave, to the full of liberality and mourning her p calorifacientos mute nonetheless visually and emotionally regent(postnominal).Perhaps because Kristen has influencen all these slaves with her eng hold oner got eyes, she negotiation in a substance that makes battalion sustenance that these stories argon no extensive-run lives of unadulterated strangers in both(prenominal) strange sphere, solely lives of soulfulness that the audience realise oflives of indifferent flock, who should spend a penny had a dispassionate support. Her lecturing leaves citizenry guilty of their ignorance or so the serious- disp ositionedness of the be thrall in the red-brick world. Among sundry(a) groups of slaves witnessed by Lisa Kristen were tender forthual practice slaves in Nepal. The fabrication of a sex slave in Nepal normally receives with poverty.In a country where one-half of the existence is unemployed, infantile girls and their family members ar tardily lured by the line of business promises do by the supposed assembly line hunters. abject youth girls prolong the melodic line hunters in the intrust of acquiring a well-paid job, and a beseeming life in plumping cities corresponding Kathmandu. precise much, however, they end up in a fetid cavity know as the cabin eating place. There, they ar trafficked as sex slaves. Curtains be move to set a case secretiveness for each means in the restaurant, or to be much precise, to appropriate loneliness for the customers cozy bed perversive workforcets.The girls atomic number 18 evaluate to help nutrition and drinks to these rooms, but more importantly, to meet the virile customers demands so that the variegate crapper boost. Eventually, the girls leave start to, impulsive or not, start impose on _or_ oppress themselves to maintain the capital payers (Mavrich, metropolis in center Kathmandu, Nepal). Girls that reject to adopt argon often physi songy fright by the cabin owner many are utter to make believe been worst by wires, rods and hot spoons (Ruffins, Rescuing Girls from thralldom) others are threaten with defamation, blackmailing and natural law harassment (Regmi, betroth of cabin Keepers).Some girls who had been reclaimed revealed that they had to make out twenty to xxv men a mean solar day (Trenwith, The terrible expression of Nepal sparks a womans beseech). tidy sum are surely travel and re-educated when they figure nearly the life stories of the slaves, for it hurts to see and divulge closely those unsmooth hands, dust-covered faces and idle looks. only if what intimately subsequently? depart heap fluent care, or leave behind they go pricker to their favourable business firm and step by step choke up close to the box they once see during the legal transfer because they have their own family and jobs to agitate nearly?Or to work out tied(p) further, when few large number result be moved(p) by slaveholding, should this be a world care? The rejoinder would be yes. This has secret code to do with individualized interests, or the defense lawyers of modernism, not nevertheless the increase of the society. Its all about valet de chambrethe discernment wherefore mint call themselves tendere beings. When colonialism was replaced by democracy, we call it progress, for the means of freedom, equating and kindness was completed and thus repleteed.Now the corresponding credit is take to fulfill them, so that the human execute progresses alternatively than goes backwards. some peopl e are forceful liberal to pitch slavery outright. However, as long as the sincerity of modern slavery is kept in mind and lot the information, undecomposed as Lisa Kristine did with her tv camera and microphone, wariness give be aroused, the evil side get out be pressured, and those with the power to change the internet site directly will be pushed. flora Cited Mavrich, Bret. metropolis in sharpen Kathmandu, Nepal. hejira Cry. om. hejira Cry, 2012. Web. 14 Oct. 2012 http//exoduscry. com/entreaty/city-in-focus/kathmandu-nepal/ Regmi, Shibesh Chandra. rent of cabin Keepers. ActionAid Nepal (2004). Childtrafficking. com digital Library, Dec. 2004. Web. 18 Oct. 2012 http//www. childtrafficking. com/Docs/action_aid_2004_plight_of_cabin_keepers_15. pdf Ruffins, Ebonne. Rescuing Girls from Slavery. CNN Heroes. CNN, 30 April. 2010. Web. 14 Oct. 2012 http//edition. cnn. com/2010/ livelihood/04/29/cnnheroes. koirala. nepal/index. hypertext markup language

Personal Ethical Dilemma Essay

An supranational pabulum society was conducted, during my stop in lacquer as an supervene upon student. Since, I was the chair of the Korean linguistic process lodge I shipd to acquire cheyookbogeum or Korean aliment for this political party. I endeavored to do so nevertheless afterwards consulting with the otherwise members of the fellowship and eliciting their opinion. collectable to final stage collaborationism amongst the hostelry members, the venture depict rummy progress. During the course of instruction of preparing the nourishment, I was throttle to ensconce whether to agree monosodium glutamate to the victuals.I had to permit rather a numeral of disheartenment regarding this decision, the party as much(prenominal), was non in exclusively that queen-size and this do me opt for the easily path out. However, I was non spared from having to audit the detail precisely. The main(a) matter that I had to pip into shape was that ru ndown of monosodium glutamate to the food would im wax its smack and this would give in a big sum of state buying it. This would dally close a pictorial growing in profits, which would modify me to give more than bills and win incentives to the members who were reservation preparations for the party.Unfortunately, monosodium glutamate does non progress reas sensationd wellness and its protracted function breathing in could prove deleterious. In admittance, if consumers came to discern about having consumed monosodium glutamate at a by and by date, they top executive de edgeine a nauseate for the food, which could blush overtake to their abstention from such food. Thus, by avoiding the addition of monosodium glutamate, I would be behaving in an estimable manner, as I would construct exhibited great matter to for the wellness of the consumer. Nevertheless, I could finish from adding the MSG and boost the food as cosmos hustling from solo wise ingredients.Since, the facial expression would not be all that charitable to the consumers it would be hard-fought to crystalize profits. either the same, this food could be promoted as wellness food and consequently at that place might be a see of do great profits. both give tongue to and done, this rationalize was not of competent importee to excise the community. However, it provided me with an fortune to hold not besides the spot of a consumer solely withal that of a articulation of the company. Moreover, I intentional that one should take into account, spacious term perspectives, maculation fetching decisions.

A Comparison of Michelangelos and Donatellos Sculptures of David

The comparison of sculptures surrounded by Michelangelo and Dona make kn makeo David Michelangelo and Donatello was the most esteem and exciting mechanic of the time. Michelangelo of the High spiritual rebirth and Donatello of the early spiritual rebirth came from Italy. Both of them tell the story of David and Goliath, as described in Sam 2 17 28-51 in their sculpture David. David is a shepherd boy, violent death a elephantine Goliath with single one pachinko in his hand. Michelangelo showed David before the battle and Donatello showed David to David in the fleck against Goliath.In the spiritual rebirth period, artists much(prenominal) as Donatello, Lorenzo Ghiberti and Michelangelo produced famous run lowing such as Donatellos bronze David, room access to the baptistery of Florence, Michelangelo, sculptures r severallyed the climax. The marble of David and Pieta the Virgin bloody shame gently hugging the deceased Jesus. near Renaissance sculptures be still phanta smal about that subject. The church building is full of conservatively carved tents, pulpit towers, tombs, altars, bowl pots and statues. However, as they learn more(prenominal) about authorised art, sculptors also work in the underframe of heathens, including horse equitation (horse and rider) statues, portrait busts and male nude drawings. In addition, art is non just for the churchThe city of Florence pay for his sculpture of David. The guest felt that he was difficult to wish and cooperate. He is non a ethnic intellectual interchangeable Leonardo da Vinci or Michelangelo. Donatello is essentially a actualist. many of the masterpieces of Donatello are in Florence. Some of the masterpieces overwhelm St. Peter, St Mark, Sukune, St George and Dragon, St. John Evangelist, Magdalen and holy person and Tambourine. Many of his sculptures were a breakthrough in the Renaissance. One of them, David was the low naked statue of the Renaissance, and the goddess of the equ estrian gutta Merita was considered one of the trounce sculptures ever. (Rainbow Book of ruse p.68, May 16, 2003)David was apprenticed to become the piece king of Israel, destroying the Philistines giant Goliath with stones and suspension chains. Both Donatello, Verrocchio, Michelangelo, Benigni designed the David sculpture. However, sculptures are really polar from each other. Each is ludicrous in its own way. Donatello, the first big naked statue since the mere era, balances between classicalism and realism through the real image of an Italian farmers boy presenting a classic nude statue. Donatello was inspired by classical figures, but he did non choose classic youth as a nonplus of David. Instead, he chose a young boy whose arm was lame bare because of a lack of muscles. aft(prenominal) defeating Goliath at the foot of David, he placed a sword next to him and dealt with most of it. It is more or less impossible for boys analogous David to accomplish such work. essay.com/DAVID MICHELANGO, DONATELLO, This is four different buildings about David sculpture.

Bowling For Columbine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bowling For Columbine - Essay Examplere does not give ready-made conclusions on the gain of this tragedy, he has identified some important pathologies of American society that inevitably leads to massacres of this kind.Moore makes a convincing case that ordnance possession in the United States is an distinctive cultural phenomenon, directly linked with the culture of tutelage prevailing in the country both at the micro and macro levels. What Moore identifies as the culture of fear is nothing but manufactured by the elites in the United States. This American reality is the result of the entrenched ruling of the politico-military-industry complex that has a substantial authority in the emergence of this trigger culture. Extremely, Michele Moore was able to show that one could get a gun in America even for opening a bound account.The culture of gun ownership in the United States is certainly one of the important factors that makes tragedies such as Columbine School shooting not a lone possible but also a concrete possibility. However, it is not possible to empirically link the occurrence of crimes with the widespread ownership of guns since there are numerous countries that too have high gun possession rates but less related crimes. On the other hand, other factors such as the extension service of violence through media, especially new media technologies like those that video games could effectively be linked to the crimes. Michele Moore himself highlights the case of Switzerland where it is compulsory for the citizens to have guns as it has no stand up army. Yet, high rates of gun possession related crimes have been not reported from there. Curiously, Moore points fingers to that fact that the United States has the worlds largest defense facilities which include weapons of mass destruction, while want the roots of Columbine High School tragedy.Certainly, the cultural attitudes stemming from the violent past of the United States have a decisive role in t he high gun ownership rates and related crimes. Nevertheless, there

Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Environment - Essay ExampleIn terms of the environment, thorium is a better harvest-tide in contrast to atomic number 92. In the reaction process, most of the thorium is combusted in a way that most of the thorium is spent. This means that a lower aggregate of waste is produced. Eventually, there are less harmful wastes in the surroundings. This argument favors thorium reactors because its resistance to meltdowns is greater. This means that it is safer, although there is always the possibility of some harmfulness. It is poisonous in the short-term, but nearly harmless in the long-term in comparison to uranium.Although both of them are nuclear reactors, they use dissimilar fission reactions. In essence, this means that there are different products and properties that arise from the reactions. While uranium cannot be easily used with thorium, thorium can be mixed with new(prenominal) uranium extracts. This means that its use does not mean that uranium would be out-of-date. They can be used together to form bigger and more muscular compounds. However, scientific research indicates that the assembly of thorium is not as stress-free as that of uranium.Scientifically, thorium is not fissile. While uranium can split to form a nuclear chain reaction, thorium cannot split. Even so, it can be made fissile through the bombardment of diverse chemical reactions. Apart from that, the damage caused in the Fukushima disaster evidences how volatile uranium can be. On the contrary, thorium does not exhibit such reactions, and it cannot be used in making weaponries. In discipline of a catastrophe, a thorium reaction can be stopped because it is not fissile. In terms of density, thorium is about 200 times heavier than uranium and other lead products.Thorium is perhaps better than uranium as a nuclear reactor. In the main, it is a better substitute when equated to uranium. However, there lock up exists some challenges in the use of thorium, mainly because of personal welfares . Over the years, the use of uranium has formed a

Strategic management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Strategic management - Assignment ExampleThe Yips drivers of internationalization will aid the paper by identifying underlying conditions in the smart-phone industriousness that create potential for both Apple and Samsung to uptake global strategy, including market drivers, cost drivers, competitive drivers, and government drivers (Goldman & Nieuwenhuizen, 2010 p48). Each of these drivers will affect how both companies use global strategy levers like global marketing, global services and products, and global market participation.The paper will also use Porters generic wine wine strategies, which will aid in understanding how Apple and Samsung pursue their competitive advantages across their respective market scopes (Kossowski, 2012 p50). The companies will be assessed for their use of the three generic strategies of focus, differentiation, and lower cost to gain competitive advantage over their rivals. In short, this tool will help in reflecting the choices both companies have mad e in relation to their scope and form of competitive advantage. Finally, McKinseys 7- S framework will be used in investigating whether Apple and Samsung are achieving their compulsive out objectives. This tool will be especially useful in understanding Samsungs and Apples organizational design through septet fundamental internal elements, including structure, strategy, shared values, systems, staff, style, and skills to identify whether these are aligned effectively to allow both companies attain its aims and objectives (Lynch, 2012

Summarize an article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Summarize an - Article Example(Garfinkel) Moreover, developers have no idea astir(predicate) the cybersecurity therefore they crapper leave holes in the application to exploit them with the malicious application. We should underline also the fact that even companies themselves use hackers for strengthening their defenses and in the moment they teach hackers to override the sophisticated securities. Hacking became more popular within the last decade when the internet became wide-spread when all computers have united in the huge net, where hackers can easily reach victim with the money or with the needed information. Particularly, banks structures are open for the hackers connection within the idea that users can use internet to set up their bank needs. And hackers can do so too, however without the permission of the banks staff. It core that in the most good examples it is people who create, produce or develop the security means and application are cause to the increasing troubl es with the security. Even people who defend computers themselves can help hackers to reach the target we all know the Irans case when the hackers have reached the isolated from the internet

Family Systems Theory Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Family Systems Theory - Research Paper Example millers living systems theory also is considered for its structural elements, as it implements largely scale spiritedness systems than Bronfenbrenners model. Finally, Bowens theory is considered as it further incorporates interlocking elements into the analysis of family systems. snatch Depth Depth is examined in relation in relation to Bertalanffy, Bronfenbrenner, Bowen and Millers family systems theories. Bertalanffys system perspective is considered as it advances notions of family systems as necessarily embodying concerns related to interactivity. Bronfenbrenners ecological system is considered as it implements specific life systems, notably the microsystem, mesosystem, and exosystem. Millers living systems model implements both specific elements, but also expands to include all living things. This is notable as it implements more foundational considerations than Bronfenbrenners advance, allowing for increased recognition of the family system. Bowens approach expands depth considerations through the implementation of a variety of family system investigatory tools, including investigations into differentiation of self, the nuclear family emotional system, and triangles. Abstract -- Application Bertalanffy, Bronfenbrenner, Bowen and Millers family systems theories are considered in basis of specific finishs. ... Through the foundational elements this model incorporates this perspective is applied in establishing the base elements of the system. Bowens approach is similarly applied in terms of its emphasis on interlocking concepts. duration all of the aforementioned system components implements differing perspectives, its recognized that their comprehensive application will reveal different results. The interstices of these results then can be considered as revealing more thorough insights than a singular approach could provide. Family Systems Theory While childhood development and human psychology have lon g been prominent scholarly considerations, the 20th century witnessed a decided shift in investigative emphasis. Within this spectrum of understanding, an increasing emphasis on the nature of environment or systems as contributing to psychological and developmental concerns emerged. Past theories were largely been rooted in mechanical or atomistic accounts of psychology these were largely abandoned for the more holistic perspectives inherent in systems models. This research considers four prominent perspectives on systems theory. Specifically, notions proposed by Bertalanffy, Bronfenbrenner, Bowen and Miller are examined within the context of family systems theory. Ludwig Von Bertalanffy was one of the original theorists to consider the importance of systems within science. While his perspectives would later be adopted in terms of psychology and families, his perspectives spanned throughout science. Referred to as General Systems Theory, this perspective shifted scientific analysis of organisms from a mechanistic model, to one that emphasizes more holistic environmental concerns. While the mechanistic approach greatly situated investigation in-terms of

Q7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Q7 - Essay ExampleSome of the processing can also be offloaded to UNIX platforms so that the cost of processing is cheaper.(The, 2008).The basic confuse will thus be to integrate the batch processing as a part of the larger applications, and carry out two to three processes in smaller batches. If batch and real time processing are integrated with the processing pushed down as close to the system as possible, on a JAVA platform, efficiency can be improved. Performance would also improve if the data for the batch processing is cached and placed in the same subsystem as the otherwise major online processing activities that are going on concurrently.The Company could opt to use IBMs batch processing model (www.publib.boulder.ibm.com), which are JAVA applications for which a patch has to be built so that a batch application can be drift. Another option for the Company is to consider using database servers to run these applications. While the HP Integrity r X8640 database can process 76 ,726 payroll checks with 3000 concurrent users, the IBM power6 based p570 DB server can process 74, 257.(www.h71028.www7.hp.com). In wrong of order to cash lines however, the hour batch output is much higher with the IBM system 94,757 as compared to HPs 81,477. The HP system costs less, because it is solo 3/4th of the IBM price, hence the Company can assess which application better suits their needs.2. Improvements in mobile applications have led to a change in workplace paradigms. For instance, technology that integrates mobile computing and workflow management technologies enables the creation of a mobile workforce that can perform streamline work activities on the field. One example of such a mobile application is the rise in mobile printing, which enables automated data collection at the site of the performance itself.(Albright, 2004). This is especially useful in the field of sales and postal applications as well as transportation and logistics.

When desigining a buliding , what steps are put in place to protect Assignment

When desigining a buliding , what steps are put in place to encourage pulic rubber eraser and the environs ( Techical Report) - Assignment ExampleThe research will focus more on the Waikato region of New Zealand. There are authorities that are charged with the sentry go regulations of building sites one of the groups that are charged with the responsibilities of ensuring safety is the Waikato building consent group.The Waikato building Consent Team support some sort of risk low-level consenting technique, with duties and accountabilities becoming apportioned for the parties relative to their guidance. The Building Control council is responsible for issuing consents to allow for building development in the district, and conducting inspections in order to invite sure that building agreement conditions are met and relevant legislation is observed fully. The group works in hand ensuring that building designs are up to exemplification and the safety requirements are considered in t he sites under constructionConstruction is an ongoing process. Every day there are buildings coming up sequence the antiquated designs are been replaced by modern designs that improve the physical appearance of a place. With all this construction going on, it is important for a designer to consider frequent safety and the safety of the environment. There are steps that have been set to guide engineers while they design plans for a building. These steps have been designed to protect pedestrians, workers and anybody who might come near the building site.It is very important for designers to familiarize themselves with the steps that have been put in place for public and environmental safety in the Waikato. This will minimize the risk of accidents in construction and protect the environment. The reason for this study is to find out the does and donts of a designer while creating a building design. It also aims to educate the public on the importance of public safety and environmenta l safety during construction and the design process. Conducting the study was not easy. Several limitations hampered the full realization of the study.The

Analysis of Earned Income Tax Credit Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis of Earned Income Tax Credit - Assignment ExampleVarious states get to hence established their highly effective EITCs so as to act as the direct supplements to the federal credit. Responsible for a number of societal transformations The chief(prenominal) purpose of the chartbook is the aspect of taking the best possible descriptive data based on the early childhood growth and the related social elements trance making them accessible to all the low-income earners. Offers support to better and comprehensive federal plans The EITC as well as the CTC (Child Tax Credit), which entirely flows to the low- and average-income families each and every year, function to provide a wide range of work, educational, health, and income benefits to the recipients. External Macro-intervention is a broad concept that tends to determine rippling up of the organizations economic and insurance levels. It generally means the external assessment of all the policy interventions and instruments tha t impact on the dynamics of conflicting elements such as humanitarian interventions, military interventions, and developmental interventions, among others. It refers to the core of skills and knowledge with regards to the social perspective. It assists while making some assessments and decisions regarding the appropriate conditional client intervention. It majorly involves individuals, communities, and groups experiencing the vulnerability and disadvantages that are characterized by some sort of disparities.

My Teaching Philosophy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

My Teaching Philosophy - Assignment ExampleOnly when I recognize my limitations will I be able to work a way towards overcoming them and becoming a better teacher. This way, I will also be passing the message along to my students that when they recognize their own limitations, it is only then that they can start actual reckoning. For this purpose, I will hold class discussions as well as set up tasks that challenge not only the students but for me as well so that together we can start go towards the path of self-enlightenment, of sorts, where we finally become excellent receptacles of knowledge. To foster a learning environment, I think, I do not need to merely stick to the curriculum as a system of rote in their classroom, but rather I should come up with new and innovative ways in which the students learn their curriculum through novel and new ways, which capture their imagination and make them eager to participate in what is going on. There are, I odor, many students who are held behind, not because they are unintelligent, but because they are not moved by the typical and traditional methods of teaching. By infusing the classroom with some innovative techniques of teaching, I feel I will be able to draw in the bored sector of the classroom as well, thus making it easier for everyone to learn by amour and taking an interest. This would imply that I do not pin-up unrealistic or idealistic hopes about my own teaching capabilities as well as the learning capabilities of my students. I should not only be realistic about the results and outcomes of my teaching techniques and capabilities but should also keep in mind that the students, at their unripe age, have much more to cope with in their lives and studies are not always their first priority.

Sport injuries (athletes) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sport injuries (athletes) - Research Paper ExampleFor better understanding of the rise of the sports related injuries, a graph has been mentioned that shows the difference between the numbers of sports injuries late compared to 2004. Finally the research paper has been concluded by proving the thesis statement mentioned in the introduction.Sports injuries have been very common during athletic activities. Sport injuries can get as a ending of acute trauma or from overuse of a body part. Traumatic injuries generally occur as a result of high contact sports, such as football, rugby, ice hockey, American football etc. Collisions with other players and ground objects can lead to unexpected dynamic forces on joints and limbs, which can result in occurrence of hurt on a single or multiple body parts. Strain, sprain, contusion, bone fracture, wound, spinal cord injury and head injuries are some common form of sports injury observed among the athletes and sports icons. Several prevention p rograms have been initiated by the sports authority in the modern world, in order to reduce the risks associated with injuries. This research paper illustrates the thesis statement.Sports injuries are very common symptom observed among athletes. In the year 1985, Ronnie Lott a famous NFL football player misplaced one of his fingers as a result of a dangerous collision that occurred during the sport. Lott cut his finger off so that he could realized his sport season successfully.Super Bowl is an American sports event i.e. enjoyed by most of the people. American Super Bowl sometimes becomes very dangerous for players as it involves greater chances of accidents. In the year 1998, Terrell Davis a player from Denver Broncos got injured and fainted in the field while carrying the Super Bowl in his hand (Walker 72). This mishap led to several complications and the player finally recovered completely after a good amount of time.Similar accidental case occurred in the association football field and famous sportsman Anthony

Individual Data Memo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Individual Data Memo - Essay ExampleThis memo will go into detail on how to develop a marketing plan that would be reliable to use by dint ofout the various platforms of media that will localise on a particular market segment in order to increase Kudler Fine Foods customer base. To determine the importance of demographic and psychographic development for a company, it would be necessary to conduct an environmental analysis with reference to the age, education, and disposable income of the people residing in Kudler Fine Foods geographical area will be conducted. The information derived from the environmental analysis will serve as the starting point of a marketing strategy that focuses on a subculture of the population that have alike(p) socioeconomic status (Hawkins, Mothersbaugh, & Best, 2007) to afford the quality of food Kudler Fine Foods offers. The importance of determining the demographics of the population of the target market can be best illustrated with our jazz in Enc initas. While Kudler Fine Foods has achieved relative success in Encinitas, data found in their demographics shows that would be ill advised to open a location, or spend advertising money 30 miles south in the city of Chula Vista as what the data will show below. Encinitas (2010) Persons between the ages of 18 and 65 38.8% (Appx.) Bachelors degree or higher 54.3% Per capita income $48,226 Chula Vista (2010) Persons between the ages of 18 and 65 45.1% (Appx.) Bachelors degree or higher 26.4% Per capita income $24,646 (Quick Facts, 2012). The above demographic data reveals that while Chula Vista has a larger population between the ages of 18-65, they are less educated and earn wages far below the median(a) income of those living in Encinitas. This tells marketers that they have less disposable income to spend or afford the premium offerings and prices of Kudler Fine Foods line of products. In short, there may be more potential customer in Chula Vista but only few of them can actuall y afford our products. Psychographic Information This demographic data may be of the essence(p) but is insufficient for Kudler Fine Food to develop an IMC plan that will be effective in marketing our products across a multitude of media formats. To be able to develop an effective IMC, it would necessitate to determine their related lifestyles. This would require a psychographic analysis (in addition to demographic analysis) in attend to what Solomon calls the three variables of activities, interests, and opinions (AIOs). Thus, Kudler Fine Foods can boil down a persons lifestyle by discovering how he spends his time, what he finds interesting and important, how he views himself and the initiation around him (Solomon, 2009, p. 240), and identify a general lifestyle segmentation that Kudler Fine Foods can target accordingly. Psychographic analysis of the market can be done through Kudler Fine Foods website where it can conduct direct surveys of current and potential customers for co mparison to determine their AIOs. For example, Kudlers marketers can ask on a scale of one to five, how important are sporting events to you, (activities) how important is your familys health, (interests) the quality of a product is more important than its price, (opinions). This will allow Kudler Fine Foods to narrow geographic areas and be able to

Credit Card Fraud in the UK Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Credit Card Fraud in the UK - Research Paper ExampleIn 1946, John Biggins introduced the first confide card called Charge-It which allowed account holders at Biggins bank located in Brooklyn to purchase. The bill is forwarded to Biggins and Biggins pay the merchant, then charge their account holders in return. In 1951, the same strategy was also adopted by Franklin National Bank in New York. Both systems worked the same but use was limited locally. Diners Club Card was introduced by means of the initiative of Frank McNamara and his partner Ralph Schneider. By 1951, there were about 20,000 cardholders of Diners Club (Woolsey and Gerson, 2009).It was estimated that the cost of credit card fraud in the United States amounts to around US$750-830 million in 2006 alone or globally at 7 cents per $100 transaction (Mercator Advisory Group, 2008). In 2007, it has been reported that estimate of losses caused by credit card fraud reached some $52.6 billion. Credit card fraud is the misuse of a credit card through theft or other payment system through the illegal source of funds with the purpose to obtain funds or goods without bearing the payment. Physical cards may be stolen or identity data and other relevant information may have been compromised to allow the commission of credit card fraud. Usually, the legitimate cardholder may non be aware of the fraud, and neither does the institution that issued the card (Levi, Bissell, and Richardson, 1991). The cardholder may only start to become aware of theft or fraud once a billing statement has been received which is not delivered daily or weekly, but usually every month (Levi, Bissell, and Richardson, 1991).

Ethics In Business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethics In Business - Assignment ExampleGovernment safety regulations hasten both a positive and a negative side. As for the former, the safety regulations offer due protection to the customer. Once manufacturers desire to have their goods consumed by a certain set of consumers, the said goods must pass through certain verifiable safety standards that are meant to ensure that the abrogate user is at no risk, however, from the consummation of such goods. will be an essential thing to the customer. The process of passing the goods through all the desired standards may prove expensive to the manufacturers. This is chiefly because of the extent of inspection required by the authorities. In terms of safety, I would argue that business is meeting its requirements and expectations of the clients. The strict legal measures enacted to protect the consumer have rightfully assisted in maintaining strict safety procedures, according to me. In terms of quality, pricing and labeling and packagi ng, there are businesses (most) that do not meet this standard. The main intellect for this, perhaps, is the strict competition that is forcing marketers to apply all necessary mechanisms to ensure the goods are purchased. Today, advertising is not positive and socially desirable due to the gross tawdry techniques that are applied to it. Many advertisements have grown to be ambiguous, use extensively concealed facts, are exaggerated and tend to appease people psychologically. The end result is the bias that tends to deny the consumer the necessary truth while purchasing a product.

The Success of Treatments for Social Anxiety Disorder Essay Example for Free

The Success of Treatments for Social Anxiety affection EssayWith the increased dependence on others because of the boom in societies populations, preserveionate skills atomic number 18 becoming more of a necessity in the normal functioning of individuals. Behaviors which obstruct the normal functioning of individuals in neighborly situations are therefore a growing cause of concern. One such way is the psychological indisposition, friendly apprehension disorder. Social anxiety disorder is a psychological disorder characterized by a persistent fear of negative evaluation from others in social situations to which the individual is exposed (beer mug, 2006). Because of this increase in fear of experiencing humiliation, there is an observed principle of ir invariable functioning as well as clinically diagnosed affliction in the individual (Stein, 2006).This therefore stops the crucifixion individual from relating to others in regular social situations. Furthermore, the distress resulting from the fear incapacitates the individual from other day-to-day patterns of behavior. Social anxiety disorder manifests during early stages of human development and has been found to be nonpareil of the close prevalent mental disorders (Stein, 2006). Because of this, an increase in concern has been raised for the treatment of the disorder, especially because the nature of the disorder prevents individuals from seeking treatment of the same.This paper go forth deal with two therapies used in treating social anxiety disorder. The treatment procedures offered by cognitive-behavioral therapy and pharmacotherapy, the use of medicine in treatments. This will be done by reviewing several articles written by experts removeing rules of treating the symptoms of social anxiety disorder. Also the effectiveness of the different treatment procedures in helping knobs will be discussed. By the end of this paper a clearer picture will have been made of the question modes utilized in studying social anxiety disorder, the treatments suggested, and the effectiveness of such treatments.The Importance of Working AllianceHayes, Hopes, VanDyke, and Heimberg (2007) conducted a study regarding the effectiveness of cognitive-behavior therapy in addressing the concerns of patients suffering from social anxiety disorder. One of the processes of cognitive-behavior therapy involves the firm establishment of an interpersonal descent between the client and therapist. This relationship is known as the working alliance. Working alliance goes beyond forming a bond and involves the foundation of an agreement between the client and therapist regarding the tasks and goals of the therapy proceedings (Hayes et al., 2007). In their research study, Hayes et al. (2007) studied the role that working alliance played in having treatments result in effective treatments.The research was conducted finished first assessing that the patients were seeking treatment for social anxiet y disorder and that no other therapist was being consulted (Hayes et al., 2007). Participants were then asked to rate the level of distress they felt before entering the therapy. After the posing, participants and third-person observers rated the perceived level of working alliance as well as the degree of helpfulness of the session (Hayes et al., 2007). yet the first session was studied by the researchers as they believed this first session was important in knowing if the client would come back or not. This whitethorn have limited the results as the researchers couldnt make sure if the want-term effectiveness of the treatment is because of working alliance or because of other reasons.The research end with the finding that high levels of working alliance didnt lower the reported level of depression of the clients (Hayes et al., 2007). However, the treatment did get positive reports as to helpfulness. Those participants who reported adjudge levels of working alliance showed decre ases in depression (Hayes et al., 2007). In fact, those who reported before the session the highest levels of depression and showed the greatest decrease in depression after the session were those who reported average working alliance levels (Hayes et al., 2007).The research raises the question whether or not an entirely open relationship with therapists would help change the non-helpful social behavior of participants. Also, the research does not clearly point out whether it is the process which clients say is helpful or if its working alliance. More than anything, this study points out the emergency to study more the processes of cognitive-behavior therapy so that it will be understood what particular process helps social anxiety disorder patients.The Efficacy of cognitive-Behavior TherapyA research study conducted through the review of relevant past research was conducted by Zaider and Heimberg (2003). Past research was tapped through the use of literature searches, reference a ppoints and research informationbases (Zaider Heimberg, 2003). This provided the researchers with a long list of research papers to review more than 100 papers were found but only 80 were accepted based on relevance. This method serves to summarize research conducted over the last fifteen years, making clear the contribution of each individual research conducted. But the study is limited because of the method used. Data still needs to be collected by studying the conclusions and proposals of this review of past literature.The studies reviewed withal reflected several treatment procedures used in cognitive-behavior therapy. To light upon whatsoever of these treatments relaxation training, social skills training, exposure, cognitive-restructuring techniques, and combined exposure and cognitive restructuring (Zaider Heimberg, 2003). However, the general conclusion that could be made was that the treatments were most efficient when applied together. The exact junto of treatments that would give the best results was not made clear though. But the research did conclude that the use of cognitive-behavior therapy greatly improves social performance fears (Zaider Heimberg, 2003). Moreover, the therapy resulted in the improvement of social skills and feelings of depression associated with the disorder (Zaider Heimberg, 2003).The research reflects that cognitive-behavior therapy is quick to answer the needs of social anxiety disorder. But it doesnt answer the question of which aspect of the therapy directly contributes to the improvement. With the numerous treatments that may be used in cognitive-behavior therapy it is vague which one results in the best stage of improvement. There is also no explanation regarding the concepts used in this theory which help patients overcome their disability.Comparison between Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Pharmacological InterventionsA handout for clinical practice guidelines (Paris, 2006) further discussed the efficacy of c ognitive-behavior therapy in treating social anxiety disorder. The goal was to determine methods of improving the helpfulness of the therapy. This was done through a comparison of the data obtained from past researchers treating social anxiety disorder with three different treatments cognitive-behavior therapy alone, cognitive-behavior therapy combined with prescribed medications, and pharmacology alone (Paris, 2006). However, this comparison method doesnt control for certain conditions which might not be place in all studies. This would leave room for error in the data obtained and not make the conclusions objective and reliable.The research also enumerates the treatments applied in cognitive-behavior therapy. The list is similar to the list provided by Zaider and Heimberg (2003), as discussed earlier, except for the deletion of relaxation training and the addition of education and emotion-regulation approaches (Paris, 2006).When the researchers compared the effectiveness of the t hree above-mentioned conditions, no solid were noted. Therefore there were no added benefits to the use of the therapies in combination as compared to applying them separately. However, the findings did show that after stopping treatment, improvements made through cognitive-behavior therapy lasted longer than those in pharmacotherapy (Paris, 2006). such(prenominal) findings raise the question as to why cognitive-behavior therapies are not the default treatment for social anxiety disorder.Combined Cognitive-Behavior Therapy and PharmacotherapyAs has been said in the preceding study, there have been little to no proof showing the benefits of combining cognitive-behavior therapy with pharmocological treatments. However, medications have been found to lead to faster relief than cognitive-behavior therapy which takes a long and impenetrable process (Rodebaugh Heimberg, 2005). On the other hand, medications have been associated with higher possibilities of relapse while cognitive-beha vior therapy has shown low cases of relapse (Rodebaugh Heimberg, 2005).This accounts for the potential of exploring options for a combined treatments therapy. The possibility was studied through a review of current and recent research concerning combination treatments. But this review method fails to give a thorough control for factors which may affect the studied result along with the studied factors. There is no certainty of direct compatibility between studies.The review of the current state of knowledge served to show that some experiments had resulted in the growth of improvement effects through the combination of the two therapies (Rodebaugh Heimberg, 2005). However, this progress was observed only in the short-term effect of the therapy and no data is yet present as to the long-term benefits provided by combined treatments. It has further been found that clients who go through therapy may think that real- carriage practice situations as prophylactic only when under medicat ion. But when medication is stopped, the fear may return. This shows in truth, little improvement is made in the therapy sessions.This research brings about more questions for futurity research than it does provide answers. Of particular focus for future research would be the long-term rise in improvements through the early prescription of medication to a client and the delayed start of psychotherapy. Given that the effectiveness of therapy undergone while under medication may only be observed after the stop of such medication, therapy must extend after medication has been stopped. This picture gives a probable combination treatment set up.Pharmacological Treatments of Social Anxiety DisorderStein (2006) presented his study considering the effect of clinical practices combined with advancements in medical research. This was done through the review of current clinical guidelines. The effects of known medications when applied to individuals suffering from social anxiety disorder were also considered. This method serves to provide a clear picture of the role of pharmacology in the clinical setting. It also identifies the most effective medicine to prescribe to a client asking for help for social anxiety disorder. Unlike other studies which only find basis on the helpfulness of particular pharmaceutical products in combating disorders, this method, essay-based treatment, looks at clinical data in order to identify the best medication may be effrontery to a client (Stein, 2006).The study reported that the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors were the primary pharmacological treatments recommended for manifesting social anxiety disorder (Stein, 2006). It was explained that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors serve as effective short- and long-term treatments for social anxiety disorder. This treatment has been found to be superior to other medications available for social anxiety disorder. However, the occurr ence of relapse was common in cases where treatments were not continued. It is therefore best to give long-term treatment for maximum improvement of the patient. Long- term treatment would also decrease the frequency of relapse.Instead of concluding that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors alone should be used for treatment, this research only encourages more research. Although the best mathematical medication has been identified, the contribution of other known medications has not been forgotten. Stein leaves open the possibility of creating new medicines for the treatment of social anxiety disorder with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors as the main ingredient.Summary of Research Material ReviewedTo summarize the research findings discussed above, the only lucky psychotherapy so far applied to social anxiety disorder is cognitive-behavior therapy. This may be because of the close working alliance between the client and therapist as well as the real life experimentation which acts as practice for the client. This treatment has been found to have more long-lasting improvements than pharmacological treatments. However, on the basis of quality of improvements observed, no significant fight has been found between cognitive-behavioral and pharmacological treatments. It is theorized though that the best improvement environment might be achieved through the combination of the two treatments.However, there is little evidence collected to support such a theory. It should also be noted that the most effective medication, on the basis of evidence from clinical records, has been identified as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. But the combination of this medication with others has not been considered or studied yet. Even though the research findings have not pinpointed the particularised predictors of improvement in clients conditions, it has been shown that indeed social anxiety disorder may be treated. In fact the challenge for researchers is to make treatment conditions better in order to maximize the improvements already offered by current therapies.Reflection on Research FindingsThe research has served to the existing state of research clear. From the conclusions of the researchers it can be seen that successful treatments of social anxiety disorder have been achieved. However, the reliability of medication as a treatment for this disorder remains uncertain. Medication gives quick relief of the symptoms of social anxiety disorder. However, when taking medicine is stopped, relapse is not only likely, it is sure to follow.On the other hand, cognitive-behavior therapy offers a more stable process of improvement with few chances of relapse. Although this therapy takes longer in showing improvement, the wide variety of treatments it offers allows for the specialization of client-therapy interactions based on the specific concerns and situation of individual clients. This allows for a stronger foundation of change. This would im prove interaction even outside the clinical setting. This is quite different from the role of medication which is only to prevent the manifestation of symptoms without addressing the cause of the actual behavior being treated.Although a combination treatment is hoped for, it should be remembered that medication might only bring about a false sense of reliance. Medication should therefore not be regarded as the primary intervention mechanism. Its psychotherapy which empowers the individual to face different social situations. Cognitive-behavioral therapy gives the patient the ability to develop coping mechanisms which he or she will learn to apply in many different social interactions that may come his or her way.ReferencesHayes, S.A., Hope, D.A., VanDyke, M.M., and Heimberg, R.G. (2007). Working Alliance for Clients with Social Anxiety Disorder Relationship with Session Helpfulness and Within-Session Habituation, Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 36(1), 34-42.Paris, J. (2006). Social Anx iety Disorder. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 51(2), 35S-41S.Rodebaugh, T.L. and Heimberg, G.T. (2005). Combined Treatment for Social Anxiety Disorder. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy An International Quarterly, 19(4), 331-345.Stein, D.J. (2006). Evidence-based treatment for social anxiety disorder. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 10(1), 16-21.Zaider, T.I. and Heimberg, R.G. (2003). Non-pharmacologic treatments for social anxiety disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 108(417), 72-84.

Detailed Guidance Essay Example for Free

Detailed Guidance EssayThe key to doing well on this task is detail. Several sections require that you analyze information. This requires that you read carefully, think deeply and display your insight that you gained from the information caterd in the case study.A1. Utah Symphony Strengths and WeaknessesWhen picking out the specialtys and weaknesses of harmony there isnt a list to which you can refer. Rather, you leave behind want to read the case study carefully and to use your insight to discover indications of strengths and weaknesses in the data provided in the case. Be sure to cite sheaths and to solicit all four required areas including pecuniary strengths/financial weaknesses attractership strengths/leadership weaknesses of the symphony. The key will be to think deeply about the facts of the case and to provide insightful responses.When go outing financial strengths and weaknesses some items that you might consider include profitability, stability, capital avai lability, reliance on revenue streams, fundraising, endowment sizes, expenses structures, policies that effect funds etc. and anything that you believe would affect the finances of the firm in a positive or negative way.When considering leadership strengths and weaknesses your focus should be on the leaders of the symphony, Keith Lockhart. What his strengths that you can contain a case would improve is effectiveness as a leader? What are his weaknesses that would lessen his effectiveness as leader? Another thing to consider would be if there are any vacant key positions that would influence the leadership of the organization.Be sure to expound upon to each one strength and weakness. For a theoretic example if I were to indicate that the opera had a profit I would further indicate whether this was a strength because it was significant or I could as considerably support that it the profit was so small in relation to its expense structure that the level of profitability was actua l a financial weakness. instanter that I had made a general claim I would bring in the numbers from the case study to support my claim and then yarn-dye on to the next strength or weakness. The key will be to discuss each strength and weakness enough to establish that it is, in fact, a strength or a weakness.A1a. Steps for Utah SymphonyNow youve provided some really good insight in your discussion about weaknesses for the symphony and in doing so you have determine a number of weaknesses. The evaluators will be looking to see that youve provide recommendations of key steps that Anne can contend for each of the weaknesses that you identified in your discussion. Also, with regard to key steps you will want to identify specific actions that Anne can cultivate. For examples if one of the weaknesses is poor fundraising you might apprise that Anne sets aside a period of time each week during which she can employ her fundraising skills to improve fundraising. The recommendations of st eps that she can take can be common-sense, base steps (nothing fancy) further that would be effective in dealing with the weaknesses.A2. Utah Opera Strengths and WeaknessesReview the case study carefully to find examples of the strengths and weaknesses in the financial and leadership aspects of the symphony. Be sure to cite examples and to address all four required areas including financial strengths/financial weaknesses leadership strengths/leadership weaknesses. The key will be to think deeply about the facts of the case and to provide insightful responses.When considering financial strengths and weaknesses some items that you might consider include profitability, stability, capital, liquidity, revenue streams, fundraising, endowment sizes, expenses structures, policies that effect finances etc.When considering leadership strengths and weaknesses your focus should be on Anne Ewers. What are her leadership strengths? What are her strengths that you can make a case for would assi st her ability to lead? What are her leadership weaknesses? Does she have any personal liabilities that wouldweaken her ability to lead.Be sure to expound upon each strength and weakness. For a hypothetical example if I were to indicate that the symphony had a profit I would further indicate whether this was a strength because it was significant or I could as easily support that it the profit was so small in relation to its expense structure that the level of profitability was actual a financial weakness. Now that I had made a general claim I would bring in the numbers from the case study to support my claim and then move on to the next strength or weakness. The key will be to discuss each strength and weakness enough to establish that it is, in fact, a strength or a weakness.A2a. Steps for Utah OperaNow youve provided some good insight in your discussion about weaknesses for the Opera and in doing so you have identified a number of weaknesses. The evaluators will be looking to see that youve provide recommendations of key steps that Anne can take for each of the weaknesses that you identified in your discussion. Also, with regard to key steps you will want to identify specific actions that Anne can take. For examples if one of the weaknesses is poor fundraising you might suggest that Anne sets aside a period of time each week during which she can employ her fundraising skills to improve fundraising. The recommendations of steps that she can take can be common-sense, basic steps (nothing fancy) but that would be effective in dealing with the weaknesses.A3. Scorecard AspectsFind and download the Balanced Scorecard document given to you in Task Stream. The balanced carte is not covered in your book. Look at the book from SkillPort Performance Drivers A Practical Guide to Using the Balanced Scorecard. This is where the template came from. Read chapter 1, 2 and 3 to best understand it. Compare the information in the current posters for each company to the cultu res you can discern from the case study. Do you think the scorecards adequately address the strengths and weaknesses? Why or why not?B. Merged Company Balanced Scorecard(Create a Balanced Scorecard for the merged company victimisation the strategic goals. These goals are given to you in the directions for the task (see information above the questions).Dont just combine the symphony and opera goals, CSFs and measurement. lend oneself the strategic goals to develop a goal for each of the four aspects. Now, be creative, what should the critical success factors and measurements be? Make sure to create and include a vision statement and a business model statement (you can use the ones on the symphony and opera balanced scorecards as a model). When creating the goals for the exclusive sections of the balanced scorecard you will want to create goals that are specific to the section (finance, customer, internal etc.) but that, if achieved, would help the company to achieve the five firs t strategic goals that are identified at the top of the task.C. Merged Company Strengths and WeaknessesThe key here is to analyze the company utilizing the balances scorecard as an analytical tool. In earlier sections you had to analyze strengths and weaknesses as you pull them out of the facts of a case study. However, now you have been introduced to a new analytical tool the balanced scorecard and you will need to analyze each element of the balanced scorecard. You should analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the merged company addressing each section of the scorecard e.g. financial customer, internal offset learning and growth.D. IssuesFrom reading the case study and after reading about change management in Chapter 18 of the Kreitner and Kinicki, discuss an issue in each of the 3 areas (finance, human resources, and customer satisfaction) then include good mitigating steps that Anne could take to prevent the problem.D1. Mitigating Actions This section requires that you identi fy 3 actions that Anne can immediately take to mitigate the three issues you identified above. (You should provide one recommendation for each of the issues that you identified in part D.) You should not only identify, but should alsoexplain, on the button what Anne should do for each of the three recommendations that you provide.E. In-Text Citations and References in APA FormatEvery reference that is listed on the Reference list should have been cited in-text in your response. If you did not cite something in-text it should be taken off of this reference list. However, at minimum you should cite the case study and the course textbook and there should be corresponding in-text citations within your response.

Race and Ethnicity Essay Example for Free

Race and ethnicity EssayHe was non joining close to far-flung military effort of his country of descent The 25-yearold from Brooklyn was joining the U. S. Marine Corps. A legal permanent resident, Alexandr tidy sum join the U. S. military even though he is not a citizen. His decision is not that unusual. Thousands of immigrants join each year indeed, recently in cities much(prenominal) as New York, Miami, and Los Angeles immigrant enlistees chip in been joining in higher proportions than their peers in the general population. virtu e precise(prenominal)y do it for the training or employment possibilities, but new(prenominal)s ar motivated by allegiance to their new country. As Alexandr said, It doesnt matter that America is not my country New York is my city, and what happened shook my life. I feel patriotic, and I eat up this itch now to go so ir (Chen and Sengupta 2001A1). So the linked States, with its diverse racial and ethnical heritage and new immigrants, is a c ountry that respects its multi culturalism. Or does it? In July 2004, Jefferson County in Texas tried to bring to a close a atomic number 6 of debate.Over the objections of some residents, the County Board decided to rename a stretch of road known as Jap Road. Named for the Japanese rice farmers who had settled in that location in the 19TH century, the name had stuck despite generations of objections by Asian Americans and others. Finally change came (T. Marshall 2004). Lewiston, Maine, is also adjusting. In this old New England town, hundreds of Somalis have arrived pursuance work and affordable housing thousands of miles from their African hometowns, which were torn apart by civil strife and famine.Residents expressed alarm everyplace this influx, prompting the whitethornor to sling a allowter to all the Somalis already in Lewiston to discourage friends and relatives from relocating there. The pace of Somalis resettling to the Lewistown, many of them American citizens, sl owed profoundly amidst the furor (C. Jones 2003). Relations among racial and ethnic assemblys are not like relations mingled with family members. The history of the fall in States is one of racial oppression. It goes well beyond a mayor in Maine or people living on a road in Texas not liking people of a certain air or national origin.Episodes of a new social identity developing, as in the case of Alexandr Manin, are not unusual, but that does not mean that the baseball club is not structured to concord some sort outs of people down and extend privileges automatically to other gatherings found on race, ethnicity, or gender. People in the coupled States and elsewhere are graduation to consider that the same principles that guarantee equality based on race or gender can apply to other groups who are discriminated against.There have been growing efforts to en original that the same rights and privileges are available to all people, regardless of age, dis faculty, or sexual orientation. These concerns are emerging even as the old divisions over race, ethnicity, and religion continue to fester and occasionally explode into violence that envelops entire nations. The United States is a very diverse nation, as shown in Table 1. 1. harmonise to the 2000 census, closely 17 percent of the population are members of racial minorities, and about another 13 percent are Latino.These percentages represent roughly one of tierce people in the United States, without counting purity ethnic groups. As shown in Figure 1. 1, between 2000 and 2100 the population in the United States is expected to erect from 30 percent Black, Hispanic, Asian, and primordial American to 60 percent. ISBN 0-536-12071-4 4 Racial and Ethnic Groups, Tenth Edition, by Richard T. Schaefer. Published by Prentice-Hall. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 1 catch Race and Ethnicity 5 TABLE 1. 1 Racial and Ethnic Groups in the United States, 2000 Classification RACIAL GROUPS colours (includes 16.9 million White Hispanic).Blacks/African Americans native Australian Americans, Alaskan Native Asian Americans Chinese Filipinos Asian Indians Vietnamese Koreans Japanese Other ETHNIC GROUPS White ancestry (single or mixed) Germans Irish English Italians Poles french Jews Hispanics (or Latinos) Mexican Americans Central and South Americans Puerto Ricans Cubans Other TOTAL (ALL GROUPS) Number in Thousands 211,461 34,658 2,476 10,243 2,433 1,850 1,679 1,123 1,077 797 1,285 Percentage of Total Population 75. 1 12. 3 0. 9 3. 6 0. 9 0. 7 0. 6 0. 4 0. 4 0. 2 0. 5 42,842 30,525 24,509 15,638 8,977 8,310 5,200 35,306 23,337 5,119 3,178 1,412 2,260 281,422.15. 2 10. 8 8. 7 5. 6 3. 2 3. 0 1. 8 12. 5 8. 3 1. 8 1. 1 0. 5 0. 8 Note Percentages do not total 100 percent, and subheads do not add up to figures in study heads because of overlap between groups (e. g. , Polish American Jews or people of mixed ancestry, such as Irish and Italian). Source Brittingham and de la Cru z 2004 Bureau of the Census 2003a Grieco and Cassidy 2001 Therrien and Ramirez 2001 United Jewish Communities 2001. Although the composition of the population is changing, the problems of prejudice, discrimination, and mistrust re classical.What Is a Subordinate Group? Identifying a helper group or a nonage in a society retardms to be a simple enough task. In the United States, the groups quick identified as minorities Blacks and Native Americans, for exampleare outnumbered by non-Blacks and non-Native Americans. However, nonage status is not necessarily the result of being outnumbered. A social nonage need not be a mathematical one. A minority group is a subordinate group whose members have significantly less control or power over their own lives than do the members of a superior or absolute majority group.In sociology, minority means the same as subordinate, and dominating is used interchangeably with majority. minority group A subordinate group whose members have signifi cantly less control or power over their own lives than do the members of a dominant or majority group. ISBN 0-536-12071-4 Racial and Ethnic Groups, Tenth Edition, by Richard T. Schaefer. Published by Prentice-Hall. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. 6 Chapter 1 Understanding Race and Ethnicity 2000 African Americans 12% Hispanic 13% White non-Hispanic 70% American Indian 1% 2100 (projected) Asian and other 4% White non-Hispanic 40%.Hispanic 33% African Asian Americans and other 13% 14% FIGURE 1. 1 Population of the United States by Race and Ethnicity, 2000 and 2100 (Projected) According to projections by the Census Bureau, the proportion of residents of the United States who are White and non-Hispanic exit decrease significantly by the year 2050. By contrast, there will be a striking rise in the proportion of both Hispanic Americans and Asian Americans. Source Bureau of the Census 2004b. Confronted with evidence that a particular minority in the United States is subordinate to the majority, some people respond, Why not?After all, this is a democracy, so the majority rules. However, the subordination of a minority involves more than its inability to rule over society. A member of a subordinate or minority group experiences a narrowing of lifes opportunitiesfor success, education, wealth, the pursuit of happinessthat goes beyond any personal shortcoming he or she may have. A minority group does not share in proportion to its numbers what a given society, such as the United States, defines as valuable. Being superior in numbers does not guarantee a group control over its destiny and ensure majority status.In 1920, the majority of people in Mississippi and South Carolina were African Americans. Yet African Americans did not have as much control over their lives as Whites, let alone control of the states of Mississippi and South Carolina. Throughout the United States today are counties or neighborhoods in which the majority of people are African American, Native American, or Hispanic, but White Americans are the dominant force. Nationally, 50. 8 percent of the population is female, but males still dominate positions of authority and wealth well beyond their numbers.A minority or subordinate group has five characteristics unequal treatment, distinguishing physical or cultural traits, involuntary membership, awareness of subordination, and in-group marriage (Wagley and Harris 1958) 1. Members of a minority experience unequal treatment and have less power over their lives than members of a dominant group have over theirs. Prejudice, discrimination, segregation, and even extermination reach this social inequality. 2. Members of a minority group share physical or cultural characteristics that distinguish them from the dominant group, such as skin glossiness or language.Each society has its own arbitrary standard for determining which characteristics are most important in defining dominant and minority groups. 3. Membership in a domina nt or minority group is not voluntary People are born into the group. A person does not choose to be African American or White. 4. Minority-group members have a strong reek of group solidarity. William Graham Sumner, writing in 1906, noted that people give distinctions between members ISBN 0-536-12071-4 Racial and Ethnic Groups, Tenth Edition, by Richard T. Schaefer. Published by Prentice-Hall. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 1.Understanding Race and Ethnicity 7 of their own group (the in-group) and everyone else (the out-group). When a group is the object of long-term prejudice and discrimination, the feeling of us versus them often be places intense. 5. Members of a minority generally marry others from the same group. A member of a dominant group often is unwilling to join a supposedly inferior minority by marrying one of its members. In addition, the minority groups sense of solidarity encourages marriage within the group and discourages marriage to outsider s. racial group A group that is socially set apart because of obvious physical differences.ethnic group A group set apart from others because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns. Types of Subordinate Groups There are four guinea pigs of minority or subordinate groups. All four, except where noted, have the five properties previously outlined. The four criteria for classifying minority groups are race, ethnicity, religion, and gender. Racial Groups The term racial group is reserved for minorities and the interchangeable majorities that are socially set apart because of obvious physical differences. Notice the twain crucial words in the definition obvious and physical.What is obvious? sensory tomentum cerebri color? Shape of an earlobe? Presence of body hair? To whom are these differences obvious, and why? Each society defines what it finds obvious. In the United States, skin color is one obvious difference. On a cold winter day when one has clothing covering all but ones head, however, skin color may be less obvious than hair color. Yet people in the United States have learned informally that skin color is important, and hair color is unimportant. We need to say more than that. In the United States, people have traditionally classified and classify themselves as either Black or White.There is no in-between state except for people readily identified as Native Americans or Asian Americans. later in this chapter we will explore this issue more deeply and see how such assumptions have very complex implications. Other societies use skin color as a standard but may have a more elaborate system of classification. In Brazil, where hostility between races is less than in the United States, legion(predicate) categories identify people on the basis of skin color. In the United States, a person is Black or White.In Brazil, a variety of terms, such as cafuso, mazombo, preto, and escuro, are applied to describe various combinations of skin color, f acial features, and hair texture. What makes differences obvious is subject to a societys definition. The designation of a racial group emphasizes physical differences as opposed to cultural distinctions. In the United States, minority races include Blacks, Native Americans (or American Indians), Japanese Americans, Chinese Americans, Arab Americans, Filipinos, Hawaiians, and other Asian peoples. The issue of race and racial differences has been an important one, not only in the United States but throughout the entire sphere of European influence.Later in this chapter we will examine race and its significance more closely. We should not for bilk that Whites are a race, too. As we will consider in Chapter 5, who is White has been subject to change over time as certain European groups were felt historically not to deserve being considered White, but over time, partially to compete against a growing Black population, the whiting of some European Americans has occurred. Ethnic Groups IS BN 0-536-12071-4 Ethnic minority groups are differentiated from the dominant group on the basis of cultural differences, such as language, attitudes toward marriage and parenting, and food habits.Ethnic groups are groups set apart from others because of their national origin or distinctive cultural patterns. Racial and Ethnic Groups, Tenth Edition, by Richard T. Schaefer. Published by Prentice-Hall. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. 8 Chapter 1 Understanding Race and Ethnicity Ethnic groups in the United States include a grouping that we call Hispanics or Latinos, which includes Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, Cubans, and other Latin Americans in the United States.Hispanics can be either Black or White, as in the case of a dark-skinned Puerto Rican who may be taken as Black in central Texas but be viewed as a Puerto Rican in New York City. The ethnic group category also includes White ethnics, such as Irish Americans, Polish Americans, and Norwegian Americans. The cultura l traits that make groups distinctive usually originate from their homeland or, for Jews, from a long history of being segregated and prohibited from becoming a part of the host society. one time in the United States, an immigrant group may maintain distinctive cultural practices through associations, clubs, and worship. Ethnic enclaves such as a Little Haiti or a Greektown in urban areas also perpetuate cultural distinctiveness. Some racial groups may also have unique cultural traditions, as we can readily see in the many Chinatowns throughout the United States. For racial groups, however, the physical distinctiveness and not the cultural differences generally prove to be the barrier to betrothal by the host society.For example, Chinese Americans who are faithful Pro stressants and know the names of all the members of the Baseball Hall of Fame may be bearers of American culture. Yet these Chinese Americans are still part of a minority because they are seen as physically different. Ethnicity continues to be important, as recent events in Bosnia and other parts of easterly Europe have demonstrated. Almost a century ago, African American sociologist W. E. B. Du Bois, addressing an audience in London, called attention to the overwhelming importance of the color line throughout the world.In Listen to Our Voices, we read the remarks of Du Bois, the first Black person to receive a doctorate from Harvard, who later helped to organize the National Association for the Advancement of blue People (NAACP). Du Boiss observances give us a historic perspective on the struggle for equality. We can look ahead, knowing how far we have come and speculating on how much further we have to go. Religious Groups Association with a religion other than the dominant faith is the third basis for minoritygroup status. In the United States, Protestants, as a group, outnumber members of all other religions.Roman Catholics form the largest minority religion. Chapter 5 focuses on the increa sing Judeo-Christian-Islamic diversity of the United States. For people who are not a part of the Christian tradition, such as followers of Islam, allegiance to the faith often is misunderstood and stigmatizes people. This stigmatization became especially widespread and legitimated by government action in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks. Religious minorities include such groups as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (the Mormons), noblemans Witnesses, Amish, Muslims, and Buddhists.Cults or sects fellowd with such practices as animal sacrifice, doomsday prophecy, demon worship, or the use of snakes in a ritualistic fashion would also shew minorities. Jews are excluded from this category and placed among ethnic groups. Culture is a more important defining trait for Jewish people worldwide than is spiritual dogma. Jewish Americans share a cultural tradition that goes beyond theology. In this sense, it is appropriate to view them as an ethnic group rather than as membe rs of a religious faith. Gender Groups Gender is another attribute that creates dominant and subordinate groups.Males are the social majority females, although more numerous, are relegated to the position of the social minoritya subordinate status to be explored in detail in Chapter 15. Women are considered a minority even though they do not exhibit all the characteristics outlined earlier (e. g. , there is little in-group marriage). Women encounter prejuISBN 0-536-12071-4 Racial and Ethnic Groups, Tenth Edition, by Richard T. Schaefer. Published by Prentice-Hall. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 1 Understanding Race and Ethnicity 9 ur oices Voices Listen to Our Voices Listen to.PROBLEM OF THE COLOR LINE sively refused to let the spirit of n the metropolis of the class, of caste, of privilege, or of modern world, in this the birth, fend off from life, liberty closing year of the nineand the pursuit of happiness a teenth century, there has been striving human soul. assembled a congress of men Let not color or race be a and women of African blood, to feature of distinction between deliberate solemnly upon the white and black men, regardless present plaza and outlook of of worth or ability. . . . the darker races of mankind. Thus we appeal with boldness The problem of the twentieth W.E. B. Du Bois and confidence to the Great century is the problem of the Powers of the civilized world, trusting in the color line, the question as to how far differwide spirit of humanity, and the deep sense ences of racewhich show themselves chiefly of justice of our age, for a generous recogniin the color of the skin and the texture of the tion of the righteousness of our cause. hairwill hereafter be made the basis of denying to over half the world the right of sharing to their utmost ability the opportunities and privileges of modern civilization. . .. Let the world take no backward step in Source Du Bois 1969a. From pp. 2021, 23, in An ABC of Color, that slow but sure progress which has succesby W. E. B. Du Bois. Copyright 1969 by International Publishers. I dice and discrimination and are physically distinguishable. Group membership is involuntary, and many women have developed a sense of sisterhood. Women who are members of racial and ethnic minorities face a special challenge to achieving equality. They suffer from double jeopardy because they belong to two separate minority groups a racial or ethnic group plus a subordinate gender group.Other Subordinate Groups This book focuses on groups that meet a set of criteria for subordinate status. People encounter prejudice or are excluded from full participation in society for many reasons. Racial, ethnic, religious, and gender barriers are the main ones, but there are others. Age, disabilities, and sexual orientation are among the factors that are used to subordinate groups of people. As a result, in Chapter 17 we will go beyond the title of the book and consider other groups of people wh o have been excluded from all that society offers and witness their fight against prejudice and discrimination.Does Race Matter? ISBN 0-536-12071-4 We see people around ussome of whom may look quite different from us. Do these differences matter? The simple answer is no, but because so many people have for so long acted as if difference in physical characteristics as well geographic origin and shared culture do matter, distinct groups have been created in peoples minds. Race Racial and Ethnic Groups, Tenth Edition, by Richard T. Schaefer. Published by Prentice-Hall. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. 10 Chapter 1.Understanding Race and Ethnicity NOT AVAILABLE FOR ELECTRONIC VIEWING has many meanings for many people. Often these meanings are inaccurate and based on theories discarded by scientists generations ago. As we will see, race is a socially constructed concept (J. Young 2003). Biological Meaning The way the term race has been used by some people to apply to human bein gs lacks any scientific meaning. We cannot identify distinctive physical characteristics for groups of human beings the way scientists do to distinguish one animal species from another.The image of biological race is based on the mistaken notion of a genetically isolated human group. tear down among past proponents that sharp, scientific divisions exist among humans, there were endless debates over what the races of the world were. Given peoples frequent migration, exploration, and invasions, pure genetic types have not existed for some time, if they ever did. There are no mutually exclusive races. Skin color among African Americans varies tremendously, as it does among White Americans. There is even an overlapping of dark-skinned Whites and light-skinned African Americans.If we sort people by genetic resistance to malaria and by fingerprint patterns, Norwegians and many African groups would be of the same race. If we grouped people by some digestive capacities, some Africans, As ians, and southern Europeans would be of one group and West Africans and northern Europeans of another (Leehotz 1995 Shanklin 1994). Biologically there are no pure, distinct races. For example, blood type cannot distinguish racial groups with any accuracy. Furthermore, applying pure racial types to humans is problematic because of interbreeding.Despite continuing prejudice about Black-White marriages, a large number of Whites have African American ancestry. Scientists, using various techniques, maintain that the proportion of African Americans with White ancestry is between 20 and 75 percent. Despite the wide clip of these estimates, the mixed ancestry of todays Blacks and Whites is part of the biological reality of race (Herskovits 193015 Roberts 1955). biological race The mistaken notion of a genetically isolated human group. ISBN 0-536-12071-4 Racial and Ethnic Groups, Tenth Edition, by Richard T. Schaefer.Published by Prentice-Hall. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Ch apter 1 Understanding Race and Ethnicity 11 Even the latest look as a part of the Human Genome Project mapping human DNA has only served to confirm genetic diversity with differences within traditionally regarded racial groups (e. g. , Black Africans) much great than that between groups (e. g. , between Black Africans and Europeans). Research has also been conducted to determine whether personality characteristics such as disposition and nervous habits are inherited among minority groups.Not surprisingly, the question of whether races have different innate levels of intelligence has led to the most explosive controversy (Bamshad and Olson 2003). Typically, intelligence is measured as an intelligence quotient (IQ), the ratio of a persons mental age to his or her chronological age, multiplied by 100, where 100 represents sightly intelligence and higher scores represent greater intelligence. It should be noted that there is little consensus over just what intelligence is, other th an as specify by such IQ tests.Intelligence tests are adjusted for a persons age, so that 10-year-olds take a very different test from someone aged 20. Although research shows that certain learning strategies can improve a persons IQ, generally IQ remains stable as one ages. A great deal of debate continues over the accuracy of these tests. Are they biased toward people who come to the tests with knowledge similar to that of the test writers? ensure the following two questions used on standard tests. 1. Runner marathon (A) envoy embassy, (B) oarsman regatta, (C) martyr massacre, (D) referee tournament.2. Your mother sends you to a store to get a loaf of bread. The store is closed. What should you do? (A) return home, (B) go to the next store, (C) wait until it opens, (D) ask a stranger for advice. Both correct answers are B. simply is a lower-class youth likely to know, in the first question, what a regatta is? Skeptics argue that such test questions do not truly measure apt pote ntial. Inner-city youths often have been shown to respond with A to the second question because that may be the only store with which the family has credit.Youths in rural areas, where the next store may be miles away, are also unlikely to respond with the designated correct answer. The issue of culture bias in tests remains an unresolved concern. The most recent research shows that differences in intelligence scores between Blacks and Whites are almost eliminated when adjustments are made for social and economic characteristics (Brooks-Gunn et al. 1996 Herrnstein and Murray 199430 Kagan 1971 J. Young 2003). The second issue, trying to associate these results with certain subpopulations such as races, also has a long history.In the past, a few have contended that Whites have more intelligence on amount than Blacks. All researchers agree that within-group differences are greater than any forged differences between groups. The range of intelligence among, for example, Korean America ns is much greater than any average difference between them as a group and Japanese Americans. The third issue relates to the subpopulations themselves. If Blacks or Whites are not mutually exclusive biologically, how can there be measurable differences?Many Whites and most Blacks have mixed ancestry that complicates any supposed inheritance of intelligence issue. Both groups reflect a rich heritage of very dissimilar populations, from Swedes to Slovaks and Zulus to Tutus. In 1994, an 845-page book unleashed a new national debate on the issue of IQ. The latest research effort of psychologist Richard J. Herrnstein and social scientist Charles Murray (1994), published in The Bell Curve, concluded that 60 percent of IQ is inheritable and that racial groups offer a convenient means to generalize about any differences in intelligence.Unlike most other proponents of the race-IQ link, the authors offered policy suggestions that include ending welfare to discourage births among low-IQ poor women and changing immigration laws so that the IQ pool in the United States is not diminished. Herrnstein and Murray even made generalizations intelligence quotient The ratio of a persons mental age (as computed by an IQ test) to his or her chronological age, multiplied by 100. ISBN 0-536-12071-4 Racial and Ethnic Groups, Tenth Edition, by Richard T. Schaefer. Published by Prentice-Hall.Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. 12 Chapter 1 Understanding Race and Ethnicity about IQ levels among Asians and Hispanics in the United States, groups subject to even more intermarriage. It is not possible to generalize about absolute differences between groups, such as Latinos versus Whites, when almost half of Latinos in the United States marry non-Hispanics. Years later, the mere mention of the bell curve signals to many the belief in a racial hierarchy with Whites toward the top and Blacks near the bottom. The research present then and repeated today points to the difficulty in defin itions What is intelligence, and what constitutes a racial group, given generations, if not centuries, of intermarriage?How can we speak of definitive inherited racial differences if there has been intermarriage between people of every color? Furthermore, as people on both sides of the debate have noted, regardless of the findings, we would still want to strive to maximize the talents of each individual. All research shows that the differences within a group are much greater than any alleged differences between group averages. All these issues and controversial research have led to the basic question of what difference it would make if there were significant differences.No researcher believes that race can be used to predict ones intelligence. Also, there is a general agreement that certain interposition strategies can improve scholastic achievement and even intelligence as defined by standard tests. Should we mount efforts to upgrade the abilities of those alleged to be at a lower place average? These debates tend to contribute to a sense of hopelessness among some policy makers who think that biology is destiny, rather than causing them to rethink the issue or expand positive intervention efforts.Why does such IQ research re-emerge if the data are subject to different interpretations? The argument that we are superior to them is very appealing to the dominant group. It justifies receiving opportunities that are denied to others. For example, the authors of The Bell Curve argue that intelligence significantly determines the poverty problem in the United States. We can look to that the debate over IQ and the allegations of significant group differences will continue. Policy makers need to acknowledge the difficulty in treating race as a biologically significant characteristic.Social Construction of Race If race does not distinguish humans from one another biologically, why does it seem to be so important? It is important because of the social meaning people have attached to it. The 1950 (UNESCO) Statement on Race maintains that for all practical social purposes race is not so much a biological phenomenon as a social myth (Montagu 1972118). Adolf Hitler expressed concern over the Jewish race and translated this concern into Nazi closing camps. Winston Churchill spoke proudly of the British race and used that pride to spur a nation to fight.Evidently, race was a useful political tool for two very different leaders in the 1930s and 1940s. Race is a social construction, and this process benefits the oppressor, who defines who is privileged and who is not. The acceptance of race in a society as a legitimate category allows racial hierarchies to emerge to the benefit of the dominant races. For example, inner-city drive-by shootings have come to be seen as a race-specific problem meet of local officials cleaning up troubled neighborhoods. Yet schoolyard shoot-outs are viewed as a societal concern and placed on the national agenda.People co uld speculate that if human groups have obvious physical differences, then they could have corresponding mental or personality differences. No one disagrees that people differ in temperament, potential to learn, and sense of humor. In its social sense, race implies that groups that differ physically also bear distinctive emotional and mental abilities or disabilities. These beliefs are based on the notion that humankind can be divided into distinct groups. We have already seen the difficulties associated with pigeonholing people into racial categories.Despite these difficulties, belief in the inheritance of behavior patterns and in an association between physical and cultural traits is widespread. It is called racism when this belief is coupled with the feeling that certain ISBN 0-536-12071-4 racism A school of thought that one race is superior. Racial and Ethnic Groups, Tenth Edition, by Richard T. Schaefer. Published by Prentice-Hall. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Ch apter 1 Understanding Race and Ethnicity 13 groups or races are inherently superior to others. Racism is a doctrine of racial supremacy, stating that one race is superior to another (Bash 2001 Bonilla-Silva 1996).We questioned the biological significance of race in the previous section. In modern complex industrial societies, we find little adaptive utility in the presence or absence of prominent chins, epicanthic folds of the eyelids, or the comparative amount of melanin in the skin. What is important is not that people are genetically different but that they approach one another with dissimilar perspectives. It is in the social setting that race is decisive. Race is significant because people have given it significance. Race definitions are crystallized through what Michael Omi and Howard Winant (1994) cal.